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Integration / Apache Pulsar Interview questions

How does Key_Shared subscription maintain ordering?

Key_Shared allows multiple consumers on one subscription, similar to Shared, but instead of pure round-robin distribution it hashes each message's key and consistently routes all messages sharing that key to the same consumer.

Ordering is preserved per key - all events for a given order ID or user ID, for example, always arrive at one consumer in the order they were published - while different keys can still be processed in parallel across multiple consumers.

If a consumer holding certain key ranges disconnects, Pulsar reassigns those key ranges to the remaining active consumers, preserving the per-key ordering guarantee even as the consumer set changes.

Key_Shared preserves ordering:
Messages are routed to a consistent consumer based on:

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Explain about Apache Pulsar. What is Apache Pulsar? What is a Pulsar broker? What is Apache BookKeeper? What are tenants and namespaces in Pulsar? What is a topic in Pulsar? What is a producer in Pulsar? What is a consumer in Pulsar? What is a subscription in Pulsar? Define a partitioned topic in Pulsar? What is Pulsar's metadata store used for? What are Pulsar Functions? What is Pulsar IO? Describe geo-replication in Pulsar? What is tiered storage in Pulsar? What is a non-persistent topic in Pulsar? What are the subscription types in Pulsar? What is message retention in Pulsar? What is schema registry in Pulsar? List the core components of a Pulsar cluster? How do you create a topic in Pulsar? What is the difference between Pulsar and Kafka's storage architecture? How does Pulsar separate compute and storage? Why is Pulsar considered multi-tenant by design? What is the difference between Shared and Exclusive subscriptions? How does Key_Shared subscription maintain ordering? When should you use Failover subscription instead of Exclusive? What is the difference between a ledger and a segment in BookKeeper? How does Pulsar achieve message deduplication? Why do brokers in Pulsar not store data locally? What happens when a broker crashes in Pulsar? How does namespace bundle splitting work? What is the difference between backlog quota and retention policy? When should you use a Reader instead of a Consumer? How does topic compaction work in Pulsar? Why is ensemble size different from write quorum in BookKeeper? What is the difference between persistent and non-persistent topics? How does Pulsar handle delayed message delivery? What happens when a consumer negatively acknowledges a message? Explain the lifecycle of a message in Pulsar from produce to acknowledge? How can you optimize Pulsar for high-throughput workloads? How do you troubleshoot a growing backlog in Pulsar? Explain the execution flow of topic ownership failover in Pulsar? How can you optimize BookKeeper storage costs using tiered storage? Explain the internal working of Pulsar transactions? Which is better for exactly-once processing: idempotent producers or transactions, and why? How do you troubleshoot unbalanced load across brokers? Explain the lifecycle of a namespace bundle from creation to split? How can you optimize consumer throughput with Key_Shared subscriptions? Explain the execution flow of a Pulsar Function processing a message? How do you troubleshoot message duplication in a Pulsar producer?
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