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Database / Apache Cassandra Intermediate and Advanced interview questions

What is hinted handoff in Cassandra?

Hinted handoff is Cassandra's way of tolerating a temporarily unavailable replica without failing the write or immediately falling out of sync.

  1. The coordinator sends the write to all replicas as usual.
  2. If a replica is down or unreachable, the coordinator (or another live node) stores a hint — a record of the mutation that replica missed.
  3. Once the failed replica comes back and gossip detects it as alive, the hint is replayed to it, catching it back up without needing a full repair.

Hints are only stored for a limited window, controlled by max_hint_window_in_ms (typically 3 hours by default). If a replica is down longer than that, hints stop accumulating for it, and it must instead be caught up via anti-entropy repair once it returns.

Hinted handoff is a best-effort mechanism, not a guarantee: hints can be lost if the coordinator itself crashes before replaying them, which is exactly why periodic repair is still necessary even with hinted handoff enabled.

What does a coordinator do when a replica is unreachable during a write?
What happens if a replica stays down longer than the hint window?

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